dysjunction - translation to arabic
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  3. dysjunction

dysjunction - translation to arabic

FAILURE OF CHROMATID OR CHROMOSOME PAIRS TO SEPARATE
Non-disjunction; Nondisjunction, genetic; Meiotic nondisjunction; Mitotic nondisjunction; Chromosomal nondisjunction; Chromosomal non-disjunction; Nondisjunction (genetics); Meiotic nondisjunctions; Mitotic nondisjunctions; Meiotic non-disjunction; Mitotic non-disjunction; Meiotic non-disjunctions; Mitotic non-disjunctions; Nondisjunctions; Non-disjunctions; Chromosomal nondisjunctions; Chromosomal non-disjunctions; Chromosome nondisjunction; Chromosome non-disjunction; Chromosome nondisjunctions; Chromosome non-disjunctions; Non-dysjunction
  • '''Karyotype of X monosomy (Turner syndrome)'''<br /> This condition is characterized by the presence of '''only one X chromosome''' and no Y chromosome (see bottom right corner).
  • '''Karyotype of trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)'''<br /> Note that chromosome 21 is present in 3 copies, while all other chromosomes show the normal diploid state with 2 copies. Most cases of trisomy of chromosome 21 are caused by a nondisjunction event during meiosis I (see text).
  • '''Nondisjunction of sister chromatids during mitosis:''' <br /> ''Left:'' Metaphase of mitosis. Chromosome line up in the middle plane, the mitotic spindle forms and the kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to the microtubules. <br /> ''Right:'' Anaphase of mitosis, where sister chromatids separate and the microtubules pull them in opposite directions. <br /> The chromosome shown in ''red'' fails to separate properly, its sister chromatids stick together and get pulled to the same side, resulting in mitotic nondisjunction of this chromosome.
  • [[Zygote]] }} The left image at the blue arrow is nondisjunction taking place during meiosis II. The right image at the green arrow is nondisjunction taking place during meiosis I. Nondisjunction is when chromosomes fail to separate normally resulting in a gain or loss of chromosomes.
  • '''Loss of a tumor suppressor gene locus according to the two-hit model''': <br /> In the first hit, the tumor suppressor gene on one of the two chromosomes is affected by a mutation that makes the gene product non-functional. This mutation may arise spontaneously as a DNA replication error or may be induced by a DNA damaging agent. The second hit removes the remaining wild-type chromosome, for example through a '''mitotic nondisjunction''' event. There are several other potential mechanisms for each of the two steps, for example an additional mutation, an unbalanced translocation, or a gene deletion by recombination. As a result of the double lesion, the cell may become malignant because it is no longer able to express the tumor suppressor protein.

dysjunction      
‎ شُذُوْذُ الالْتِحام‎
dysjunction      
خَلَلُ الاِلْتِحام
dysjunction      
خَلَلُ الاِلْتِحام

Definition

non-disjunction
¦ noun Genetics failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate normally during nuclear division.
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Wikipedia

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division (mitosis/meiosis). There are three forms of nondisjunction: failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis I, failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II, and failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis. Nondisjunction results in daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers (aneuploidy).

Calvin Bridges and Thomas Hunt Morgan are credited with discovering nondisjunction in Drosophila melanogaster sex chromosomes in the spring of 1910, while working in the Zoological Laboratory of Columbia University.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondisjunction
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